GUIDELINES FOR EXHIBIT LABEL CHALLENGE QUESTIONS

Version 1.1 Revised 23 January 1999

(As part of the Concept Development Project, the GCSEC hopes to accumulate on Exhibit Question and Answer Samples web site hundreds of question-answer pairs submitted by teachers and industry professionals. This library of question-answer pairs will be available for everyone to review and use.)

To match exhibits to each visitor's particular age and background and to help visitors utilize the exhibits more fully, each exhibit instructional label should include six question and answer pairs. In the ideal, each question-answer pair would be thought-provoking and stimulating; encourage use of problem solving, communications and other thinking skills; and provide interesting and meaningful information as part of the answer.

These questions will be written to specific grade levels and involve age-appropriate science and mathematics content, vocabulary terms and thinking skills from the Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana curriculums.

Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana all have or are implementing student assessment testing programs. In Ohio, the program is known as the Ohio Proficiency Tests; in Kentucky the program is the Commonwealth Accountability Testing System (CATS) and in Indiana the Indiana Statewide Testing for Educational Progress-Plus (ISTEP+). The GCSEC exhibits and question-answer pairs are intended to support schools and students facing state assessment tests, but not be limited to just the content of those testing programs. The questions will simply be labeled Challenge Question #1 ... Challenge Question #6 so that no one feels threatened if they cannot answer any particular one. The intended grade levels for the questions are:

By including a total of six challenge questions as part of each instructional label, each exhibit can become a meaningful educational experience for almost every individual, regardless of age and background.

Students must master a collection of science and mathematics content, vocabulary terms and thinking skills to perform well on the Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana assessment tests. The more exposure students have to this collection of content, vocabulary and skills the better they will score on those tests and the better they will be prepared for post high school study and employment. The GCSEC strongly believes that the same collection of content, terms and skills are an important foundation for the work force.

To develop a question-answer pair:

• select the exhibit to be used;
• determine the grade level to be addressed (4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or college);
• identify the learning outcome or curriculum content area to be addressed; and
• try to utilize the appropriate vocabulary in both the question and the answer.

(The following sections of the guidelines might sound somewhat complicated the first time they are read. Certainly, the first few question-answer pairs a person develops will take some time. Please work through the first few attempts at developing question-answer pairs and provide feedback to the GCSEC on how to improve the guidelines description. With practice, question-answer pairs will be more quickly developed as the guidelines become better written and the process better described. It is felt that the question-answer pairs developed using the following process will dramatically increase the educational potential of the exhibits and provide a powerful set of tools for teachers to use.)

Each question-answer pair should try to use the suggested age-specific vocabulary. (The draft vocabulary list and is expected to be revised throughout the Concept Development Project.) It is intended that the vocabulary lists will represent the combined curriculums of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. The vocabulary should represent mainly (but not be limited solely to) the vocabulary students need to understand and use for state assessment testing. Sincere thanks to Dr. Lon Stettler for allowing use of the fourth and sixth grade science and math vocabularies from his "Developing Vocabulary Series" workbooks.

By incorporating the vocabulary terms in the question-answer pairs, students will gain exposure to their use. In addition, parents will be introduced to the terms and might try to incorporate them in discussions with their children. Finally, working adults will be exposed to the vocabulary terms, some of which they may not have been introduced to in school or might have forgotten. This exposure will add to the knowledge and skills of the general workforce.

The final component of question-answer pairs is demonstrating for parents and the general public how they clearly and effectively relate the exhibits to the learning outcomes and curriculum content for Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. For the purposes of the Concept Development Project each question-answer pair should be labeled to match it with the state learning outcomes or curriculum. The Ohio Learning Outcomes are included below. A similar linkage approach is being investigated for Kentucky and Indiana.

FOURTH GRADE SCIENCE VOCABULARY

The fourth grade science vocabulary is organized into the following categories:

Fourth Grade Nature of Science Vocabulary

Fourth Grade Physical Science Vocabulary

Fourth Grade Earth and Space Science Vocabulary

Fourth Grade Life Science Vocabulary

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FOURTH GRADE MATHEMATICS VOCABULARY

The fourth grade math vocabulary is organized into the following categories:

Fourth Grade Patterns, Relations and Functions Mathematics Vocabulary

Fourth Grade Problem Solving Strategies Mathematics Vocabulary

Fourth Grade Numbers and Number Relations Mathematics Vocabulary

Fourth Grade Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary

Fourth Grade Algebra Mathematics Vocabulary

Fourth Grade Measurement Mathematics Vocabulary

Fourth Grade Estimation and Mental Computation Mathematics Vocabulary

Fourth Grade Data Analysis and Probability Mathematics Vocabulary

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SIXTH GRADE SCIENCE VOCABULARY

The sixth grade science vocabulary is organized into the following categories:

Sixth Grade Nature of Science Vocabulary

Sixth Grade Physical Science Vocabulary

Sixth Grade Earth and Space Science Vocabulary

Sixth Grade Life Science Vocabulary

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SIXTH GRADE MATHEMATICS VOCABULARY

The sixth grade math vocabulary is organized into the following categories:

Sixth Grade Patterns, Relations and Functions Mathematics Vocabulary

Sixth Grade Problem Solving Strategies Mathematics Vocabulary

Sixth Grade Numbers and Number Relations Mathematics Vocabulary

Sixth Grade Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary

Sixth Grade Algebra Mathematics Vocabulary

Sixth Grade Measurement Mathematics Vocabulary

Sixth Grade Estimation and Mental Computation Mathematics Vocabulary

Sixth Grade Data Analysis and Probability Mathematics Vocabulary

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EIGHTH GRADE SCIENCE VOCABULARY

The eighth grade science vocabulary is organized into the following categories:

Eighth Grade Nature of Science Vocabulary

Eighth Grade Physical Science Vocabulary

Eighth Grade Earth and Space Science Vocabulary

Eighth Grade Life Science Vocabulary

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EIGHTH GRADE MATHEMATICS VOCABULARY

The eighth grade math vocabulary is organized into the following categories:

Eighth Grade Arithmetic Mathematics Vocabulary

Eighth Grade Measurement Mathematics Vocabulary

Eighth Grade Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary

Eighth Grade Data Analysis Mathematics Vocabulary

Eighth Grade Algebra Mathematics Vocabulary

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TENTH GRADE SCIENCE VOCABULARY

The tenth grade science vocabulary is organized into the following categories:

Tenth Grade Nature of Science Vocabulary

Tenth Grade Physical Science Vocabulary

Tenth Grade Earth and Space Science Vocabulary

Tenth Grade Life Science Vocabulary

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TENTH GRADE MATHEMATICS VOCABULARY

The tenth grade math vocabulary is organized into the following categories:

Tenth Grade Numbers and Numeracy Mathematics Vocabulary

Tenth Grade Algebra and Functions Mathematics Vocabulary

Tenth Grade Geometry and Measurement Mathematics Vocabulary

Tenth Grade Data Analysis and Probability Mathematics Vocabulary

Tenth Grade Mathematical Process Mathematics Vocabulary

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TWELFTH GRADE SCIENCE VOCABULARY

The twelfth grade science vocabulary is organized into the following categories:

Twelfth Grade Nature of Science Vocabulary

Twelfth Grade Physical Science Vocabulary

Twelfth Grade Earth and Space Science Vocabulary

Twelfth Grade Life Science Vocabulary

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TWELFTH GRADE MATHEMATICS VOCABULARY

The twelfth grade math vocabulary is organized into the following categories:

Twelfth Grade Arithmetic Mathematics Vocabulary

Twelfth Grade Measurement Mathematics Vocabulary

Twelfth Grade Data Analysis Mathematics Vocabulary

Twelfth Grade Algebra/Functions Mathematics Vocabulary

Twelfth Grade Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary

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OHIO FOURTH GRADE SCIENCE LEARNING OUTCOMES

The following Ohio learning outcomes are from "Fourth-grade Proficiency Tests: Information Guide," Ohio Department of Education, August, 1995.

The Ohio fourth grade science learning outcomes are organized into the following categories:

Ohio Fourth Grade Nature of Science Learning Outcomes

(O-NS-4-1) Create and use categories to organize a set of objects, organisms or phenomena.
(O-NS-4-2) Select instruments to make observations and/or organize observations of an event, object, or organism.
(O-NS-4-3) Identify and/or compare the mass, dimensions, and volume of familiar objects in standard and/or nonstandard units.
(O-NS-4-4) Use a simple key to distinguish between objects.
(O-NS-4-5) Analyze a series of events and/or simple daily or seasonal cycles and predict the next likely occurrence in the sequence.
(O-NS-4-6) Evaluate a simple procedure to carry out an exploration.
(O-NS-4-7) Identify and/or discuss the selection of resources and tools used for exploring scientific phenomena.
(O-NS-4-8) Evaluate observations and measurements made by other persons.
(O-NS-4-9) Demonstrate an understanding of safe use of materials and/or devices in science activities.

Ohio Fourth Grade Physical Science Learning Outcomes

(O-PS-4-10) Explain the operation of a simple mechanical device.
(O-PS-4-11) Identify characteristics of a simple physical change.
(O-PS-4-12) Explain and/or predict the motion of objects and/or describe the effects of some objects on other objects.

Ohio Fourth Grade Earth and Space Science Learning Outcomes

(O-ESS-4-13) Make predictions about the weather from observed conditions and weather maps.
(O-ESS-4-14) Identify and/or describe the relationship between human activity and the environment.
(O-ESS-4-15) Identify evidence and show examples of changes in the earth's surface.

Ohio Fourth Grade Life Science Learning Outcomes

(O-LS-4-16) Demonstrate an understanding of the basic needs of living things.
(O-LS-4-17) Identify ways in which organisms react to changing environments.
(O-LS-4-18) Distinguish between living and nonliving things and provide justification for these distinctions.
(O-LS-4-19) Analyze and/or evaluate various nutritional plans for humans.

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OHIO FOURTH GRADE MATHEMATICS LEARNING OUTCOMES

The following Ohio learning outcomes are from "Fourth-grade Proficiency Tests: Information Guide," Ohio Department of Education, August, 1995.

The Ohio fourth grade mathematics learning outcomes are organized into the following categories:

Ohio Fourth Grade Patterns, Relations and Functions Mathematical Learning Outcomes

(O-M-4-1) Sort or identify objects on multiple attributes (e.g., size, shape, and shading).
(O-M-4-2) Use patterns to make generalizations and predictions by
a) determining a rule and identifying missing numbers in a sequence;
b) determining a rule and identifying missing numbers in a table of number pairs;
c) identifying missing elements in a pattern and justifying their inclusion; and
d) determining a rule and identifying missing numbers in a sequence of numbers or a table of number pairs related by a combination of addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.

Ohio Fourth Grade Problem-Solving Strategies Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-4-3) Select appropriate notation and methods for symbolizing a problem situation, translate real-life situations into conventional symbols of mathematics, and represent operations using models, conventional symbols, and words.
(O-M-4-4) Identify needed information to solve a problem.
(O-M-4-5) Explain or illustrate whether a solution is correct.

Ohio Fourth Grade Numbers and Number Relations Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-4-6) Decompose, combine, order, and compare numbers.
(O-M-4-7) Illustrate or identify fractional parts of whole objects or set of objects and like fractions greater than one, and add and subtract like fractions with illustrations and symbols.
(O-M-4-8) Add, subtract, multiply, and divide whole numbers and explain, illustrate, or select thinking strategies for making computations.
(O-M-4-9) Order fractions using symbols as well as the terms "at least" and "at most."
(O-M-4-10) Represent whole number value by
a) applying place value ideas,
b) translating between words and symbols in naming whole numbers.
(O-M-4-11) Add and subtract decimals.

Ohio Fourth Grade Geometry Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-4-12) Apply congruence, symmetry, paths, simple closed curves, and the ideas of interior and exterior.
(O-M-4-13) Recognize parallel, intersecting, and perpendicular lines, and right angles in geometric figures.
(O-M-4-14) Determine properties of two-dimensional figures and compare shapes according to their characterizing properties, identify two-dimensional shapes on a picture of a three-dimensional object, and compare three-dimensional objects describing similarities and differences using appropriate standard or non-standard language.

Ohio Fourth Grade Algebra Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-4-15) Symbolize a keying sequence on a calculator and predict the display.
(O-M-4-16) Model a problem situation using a number phrase/sentence and/or letters, understand the use of letters and symbols in statements such as 4b = 12 or 3c = 15 and find the value for a letter or symbol if the value for the other letter or symbol is given, and recognize the use of variables to generalize arithmetic statements applying the concept of odd and even numbers.

Ohio Fourth Grade Measurement Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-4-17) Apply the use of tools to measure lengths, ;using centimeters and inches including recognizing the positions of whole numbers and fractions on a number line.
(O-M-4-18) Apply the counting of collections of coins and bills (which could include one, five, and ten dollar bills) in a buying situation.
(O-M-4-19) Illustrate the approximate size of units of length, capacity, and weight; choose an appropriate unit to measure lengths, capacities, and weights in U.S. standard and metric units; and relate the number of units that measure an object to the size of the unit as well as to the size of the object.
(O-M-4-20) Determine perimeters and areas of simple straight line figures and regions without using formulas.
(O-M-4-21) Use mental, paper-and-pencil, and physical strategies to determine time elapsed.

Ohio Fourth Grade Estimation and Mental Computation Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-4-22) Apply concept of place value in making estimates in addition and subtraction using front-end digits.
(O-M-4-23) Round numbers and use multiples of ten to estimate sums, differences, and products and discuss whether estimates are greater than or less than an exact sum or difference.

Ohio Fourth Grade Data Analysis and Probability Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-4-24) Make or use a table to record and sort information (in a problem-solving setting using simple and complex patterns in nature, art, or poetry as setting) and make identifications, comparisons, and predictions from tables, picture graphs, bar graphs, and labeled picture maps.
(O-M-4-25) Find simple experimental probabilities and identify events that are sure to happen, events sure not to happen, and those we cannot be sure about.

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OHIO SIXTH GRADE SCIENCE LEARNING OUTCOMES

The following Ohio learning outcomes are from "Sixth-grade Proficiency Tests: Information Guide," Ohio Department of Education, August, 1995

The Ohio sixth grade science learning outcomes are organized into the following categories:

Ohio Sixth Grade Nature of Science Learning Outcomes

(O-NS-6-1) Use a simple key to classify objects, organisms, and/or phenomena.
(O-NS-6-2) Identify the potential hazards and/or precautions involved in scientific investigations.
(O-NS-6-3) Make inferences from observations of phenomena and/or events.
(O-NS-6-4) Identify the positive and/or negative impacts of technology on human activity.
(O-NS-6-5) Evaluate conclusions based on scientific data.

Ohio Sixth Grade Physical Science Learning Outcomes

(O-PS-6-6) Recognize the advantages and/or disadvantages to the user in the operation of simple technological devices.
(O-PS-6-7) Predict the influence of the motion of some objects on other objects.
(O-PS-6-8) Propose and/or evaluate an investigation of simple physical and/or chemical changes.
(O-PS-6-9) Provide examples of transformation and/or conservation of matter and energy in simple physical systems.
(O-PS-6-10) Identify simple patterns in physical phenomena.

Ohio Sixth Grade Earth and Space Science Learning Outcomes

(O-ESS-6-11) Describe simple cycles of the earth, sun, and moon.
(O-ESS-6-12) Identify characteristics and/or patterns in rocks and soil.
(O-ESS-6-13) Demonstrate an understanding of the cycling of resources on earth, such as carbon, nitrogen, and/or water.

Ohio Sixth Grade Life Science Learning Outcomes

(O-LS-6-14) Trace the transmission of energy in a small, simple ecosystem and/or identify the roles of organisms in the energy movement in an ecosystem.
(O-LS-6-15) Compare and/or contrast the diversity of ways in which living things meet their needs.
(O-LS-6-16) Analyze behaviors and/or activities that positively or negatively influence human health.
(O-LS-6-17) Analyze the impacts of human activity on the ecosystems of the earth.

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OHIO SIXTH GRADE MATHEMATICS LEARNING OUTCOMES

The following Ohio learning outcomes are from "Sixth-grade Proficiency Tests: Information Guide," Ohio Department of Education, August, 1995

The Ohio sixth grade mathematics learning outcomes are organized into the following categories:

Ohio Sixth Grade Patterns, Relations and Functions Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-6-1) Apply the relation between doubling the side of a regular figure and the corresponding increase in area.
(O-M-6-2) Determine the rule, identify missing numbers, and/or find the nth term in a sequence of numbers or a table of numbers involving one operation or power.

Ohio Sixth Grade Problem-Solving Strategies Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-6-3) Apply appropriate notations and methods for symbolizing the problem statement and solution process.
(O-M-6-4) Identify needed and given information in a problem situation as well as irrelevant information.
(O-M-6-5) Validate and/or generalize solutions and problem-solving strategies.

Ohio Sixth Grade Numbers and Number Relations Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-6-6) Compute with whole numbers, fractions, and decimals.
(O-M-6-7) Find equivalent fractions.
(O-M-6-8) Change freely between fractions and decimals.
(O-M-6-9) Order combinations of whole numbers, fractions, and decimals by using the symbols <, <=, >, >=, and = and/or by placing them on a number line.
(O-M-6-10) Use ratios and proportions in a wide variety of applications.

Ohio Sixth Grade Geometry Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-6-11) Visualize and show the results of rotation, translation, reflection, or stretching of geometric figures.
(O-M-6-12) Recognize, classify, and/or use characteristics of lines and simple two-dimensional figures including circles; and apply models and properties to characterize and/or contrast different classes of figures including three-dimensional figures.

Ohio Sixth Grade Algebra Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-6-13) Use the distributive property in arithmetic computations.
(O-M-6-14) Explain and reflect differences between calculators with arithmetic logic and calculators with algebraic logic when symbolizing a keying sequence and in the display as each key is pressed.
(O-M-6-15) Use variables to describe arithmetic processes, to generalize arithmetic statements, and to generalize a problem situation.

Ohio Sixth Grade Measurement Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-6-16) Determine perimeters, areas, and volumes of common polygons, circles, and solids using counting techniques or formulas.
(O-M-6-17) Convert, compare, and compute with common units of measure within the same measurement system.
(O-M-6-18) Measure angles with a protractor.

Ohio Sixth Grade Estimation and Mental Computation Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-6-19) Apply appropriate strategies to find estimates of sums, differences, products, and quotients of whole numbers and determine whether the estimate is greater than or less than the exact result.
(O-M-6-20) Estimate the sum, difference, product, or quotient of decimal numbers by rounding, and the sum, difference, or product of fractions and/or mixed numbers by rounding the fractions to 0, 1/2, or1.

Ohio Sixth Grade Data Analysis and Probability Mathematics Learning Outcomes

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OHIO NINTH GRADE SCIENCE LEARNING OUTCOMES

The following Ohio learning outcomes are from "Fact Sheet: Ninth-Grade Proficiency Test in Science," Ohio Department of Education, Undated.

The Ohio ninth grade science learning outcomes are organized into the following categories:

Ohio Ninth Grade Nature of Science Learning Outcomes

(O-NS-9-1) Devise a classification system for a set of objects or a group of organisms.
(O-NS-9-2) Distinguish between observation and inference given a representation of a scientific situation.
(O-NS-9-3) Identify and apply science safety procedures.
(O-NS-9-4) Demonstrate an understanding of the use of measuring devices and report data in appropriate units.
(O-NS-9-17) Describe the ways scientific ideas have changed using historical contexts.
(O-NS-9-19) Describe the relationship between technology and science.

Ohio Ninth Grade Physical Science Learning Outcomes

(O-PS-9-8) Apply the use of simple machines to practical situations.
(O-PS-9-9) Apply the concept of force and mass to predict the motion of objects.
(O-PS-9-10) Apply the concepts of energy transformations in electrical and mechanical systems.
(O-PS-9-11) Apply concepts of sound and light waves to everyday situations.
(O-PS-9-12) Describe chemical and/or physical interactions of matter.

Ohio Ninth Grade Earth and Space Science Learning Outcomes

(O-ESS-9-5) Describe the results of earth-changing processes.
(O-ESS-9-6) Apply concepts of the Earth's rotation, tilt and revolution to an understanding of time and season.
(O-ESS-9-7) Describe interactions of matter and energy throughout the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
(O-ESS-9-18) Compare renewable and nonrenewable resources and strategies for managing them.

Ohio Ninth Grade Life Science Learning Outcomes

(O-LS-9-13) Trace the flow of energy and/or interrelationships of organisms in an ecosystem.
(O-LS-9-14) Compare and contrast the characteristics of plants and animals.
(O-LS-9-15) Explain biological diversity in terms of the transmission of genetic characteristics.
(O-LS-9-16) Describe how organisms accomplish basic life functions at various levels of organization and structure.
(O-LS-9-20) Describe how a given environmental change affects an ecosystem.

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OHIO NINTH GRADE MATHEMATICS LEARNING OUTCOMES

The following Ohio learning outcomes are from "High School Proficiency Testing: Fact Sheet
Ninth-Grade Mathematics," Ohio Department of Education, September, 1990

The Ohio ninth grade mathematics learning outcomes are organized into the following categories:

Ohio Ninth Grade Arithmetic Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-9-1) Compute with hole numbers, fractions, and decimals.
(O-M-9-2) Compute, order, and determine equivalence of fractions, decimals, percents, whole numbers, and integers.
(O-M-9-3) Solve and use proportions.
(O-M-9-4) Round numbers to the nearest thousand, hundred, ten, one, tenth, and hundredth.
(O-M-9-5) Solve problems and make applications involving percentages.

Ohio Ninth Grade Measurement Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-9-6) Select and compute with appropriate standard or metric units to measure length, area, volume, angles, weight, capacity, time, temperature, and money.
(O-M-9-7) Convert, compare, and compute with common units of measure within the same measurement system.
(O-M-9-8) Read the scale on a measurement device to the nearest mark and make interpolations where appropriate.

Ohio Ninth Grade Geometry Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-9-9) Recognize, classify, and use characteristics of lines and simple two-dimensional figures.
(O-M-9-10) Find the perimeters (circumference) and areas of polygons (circles).
(O-M-9-11) Find surface areas and volumes of rectangular solids.

Ohio Ninth Grade Data Analysis Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-9-12) Read, interpret, and use tables, charts, maps, and graphs to identify patterns, note trends, and draw conclusions.
(O-M-9-13) Use elementary notions of probability.
(O-M-9-14) Compute averages.

Ohio Ninth Grade Algebra Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-9-15) Solve simple number sentences and use formulas.
(O-M-9-16) Evaluate algebraic expressions (simple substitutions).

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OHIO PROPOSED TENTH GRADE SCIENCE LEARNING OUTCOMES

The following Ohio learning outcomes are from
"Competencies for New High School Graduation Tests: (revised draft - 12/18/98)
Science
(http://www.ode/ohio.gov/www.ae/competency/Science2.htm)

The Ohio proposed tenth grade science learning outcomes are organized into the following categories:

Ohio Proposed Tenth Grade History and Nature of Science Learning Outcomes

(O-PNS-10-1)Evaluate or design scientific investigations to formulate and/or revise scientific explanations and models.
(O-PNS-10-2)Evaluate information derived from popular and technical sources to determine its scientific validity in making evidence-based decisions.
(O-PNS-10-3)Given a personal, societal, or global circumstance, identify, interpret, and/or apply appropriate safety precautions and equipment.
(O-PNS-10-4)Given a particular scientific theory or protocol, explain how and/or why the theory or protocol may have changed over time.

Ohio Proposed Tenth Grade Physical Science Learning Outcomes

(O-PPS-10-5)Relate uses, properties, and chemical processes (reactions) of matter to the behavior and/or arrangement of small particles which compose matter.
(O-PPS-10-6)Describe and predict the effects of forces (e.g. elastic, gravitational, electric, magnetic) on objects and on the motion of objects within a system.
(O-PPS-10-7)Analyze transformations of energy and recognize its conservation (constancy) within a system.
(O-PPS-10-8)Given that waves (e.g. sound, light) carry energy, compare and predict interactions of waves with matter.

Ohio Proposed Tenth Grade Earth and Space Science Learning Outcomes

(O-PESS-10-9)Relate internal and external sources of energy in the Earth system to processes and cycles (e.g., air, water, land) occurring since the Earth's origin.
(O-PESS-10-10)Describe the relationship among the Earth, other planets, and other objects in the solar system.
(O-PESS-10-11)Relate changes in the form and distribution of matter to the cyclic and finite nature of resources within the closed Earth system.

Ohio Proposed Tenth Grade Life Science Learning Outcomes

(O-PLS-10-12)Analyze and compare regulatory processes (e.g., neural, endocrine, immune) in living things.
(O-PLS-10-13)Relate the chemical basis of life to heredity, diversity, species survival, adaptations, and extinction.
(O-PLS-10-14)Relate heredity of organisms to the long term survival of populations based on mutations, variations in populations, and changes in populations as a result of differential reproduction.
(O-PLS-10-15)Explain how living things interact with the living and non-living components of the environment.

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OHIO PROPOSED TENTH GRADE MATHEMATICS LEARNING OUTCOMES

The following Ohio learning outcomes are from
"Competencies for New High School Graduation Tests: (revised draft - 12/18/98)
Mathematics
(http://www.ode/ohio.gov/www.ae/competency/Mathematics2.htm)

The Ohio ninth grade mathematics learning outcomes are organized into the following categories:

Ohio Proposed Tenth Grade Number and Numeracy Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-PM-10-1)Represent and use real numbers in a variety of equivalent forms.
(O-PM-10-2)Estimate and compute with real numbers.
(O-PM-10-3)Apply rates, ratios, proportions, and percents.

Ohio Proposed Tenth Grade Algebra and Functions Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-PM-10-4)Write, interpret, simplify, evaluate, and/or use algebraic expressions and formulas.
(O-PM-10-5)Use linear equations and inequalities.
(O-PM-10-6)Represent a mathematical relationship using a table, graph, symbols, and words, and describe how a change in the value of one variable affects the value of a related variable.
(O-PM-10-7)Create and analyze graphs of linear and simple non-linear functions.

Ohio Proposed Tenth Grade Geometry and Measurement Mathematics Learning Outcomes

Ohio Proposed Tenth Grade Data Analysis and Probability Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-PM-10-12)Create, interpret and/or analyze tables, charts, and graphs involving data.
(O-PM-10-13)Choose and apply measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode) and variability (range and visual displays of distribution).
(O-PM-10-14)Represent and interpret the possible outcomes for a mathematical situation and calculate probabilities.

Ohio Proposed Tenth Grade Mathematical Processes Mathematics Learning Outcomes

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OHIO TWELFTH GRADE SCIENCE LEARNING OUTCOMES

The following Ohio learning outcomes are from "Fact Sheet: Twelfth-Grade Proficiency Test in Science," Ohio Department of Education, Undated.

The Ohio twelfth grade science learning outcomes are organized into the following categories:

Ohio Twelfth Grade Nature of Science Learning Outcomes

(O-NS-12-4) Analyze the results of changing a component of simple systems.
(O-NS-12-5) Relate structure and function in physical and biological systems.
(O-NS-12-7) Evaluate the scientific validity of data used in persuasive communication.
(O-NS-12-8) Formulate an experimental design to test a given hypothesis.
(O-NS-12-12) Demonstrate an understanding of units of measure and precision by using an appropriate measuring device for an application.
(O-NS-12-13) Identify the safety precautions that should be taken given a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or a product label with a key.
(O-NS-12-15) Demonstrate an understanding that scientific theories and methods have developed and continue to develop through time.

Ohio Twelfth Grade Physical Science Learning Outcomes

(O-PS-12-1) Trace energy transformation, and/or apply the principles of mass/energy conservation to physical and biological systems.
(O-PS-12-2) Utilize models of atomic and molecular structures and/or interactions to explain, interpret, or predict experimental results.
(O-PS-12-3) Use fundamental forces to explain and make predictions about motions and changes in systems.

Ohio Twelfth Grade Earth and Space Science Learning Outcomes

(O-ESS-12-9) Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of natural phenomena on the Earth's geological formations over short and long time spans. (O-ESS-12-10) Analyze and interpret meteorological data and predict weather for a specified location.
(O-ESS-12-11) Relate planetary cycles and observations to natural phenomena including seasons, tides, days/nights, phases of the moon, and eclipses.

Ohio Twelfth Grade Life Science Learning Outcomes

(O-LS-12-6) Predict the effect on an ecosystem due to a given or proposed environmental change.
(O-LS-12-14) Relate the effects of biotic and abiotic factors to animal life including growth, reproduction, and behavior.
(O-LS-12-16) Relate the effect of light and other factors on various aspects of plant life and growth, including photosynthesis and respiration, germination, and tropisms.
(O-LS-12-17) Relate patterns of diversity, extinction, adaptation, and speciation as a result of natural selection at the molecular and population levels.
(O-LS-12-18) Relate biodiversity to the stability of ecosystems within biomes.

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OHIO TWELFTH GRADE MATHEMATICS LEARNING OUTCOMES

The following Ohio learning outcomes are from "Ohio Proficiency Tests for Grade 12: Fact Sheet: Twelfth-Grade Mathematics," Ohio Department of Education, Undated.

The Ohio twelfth grade mathematics learning outcomes are organized into the following categories:

Ohio Twelfth Grade Arithmetic Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-12-1) Compare, order, and determine equivalence of real numbers.
(O-M-12-2) Estimate answers, compute, and solve problems involving real numbers.

Ohio Twelfth Grade Measurement Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-12-3) Determine area and volume.
(O-M-12-4) Estimate and use measurements.

Ohio Twelfth Grade Data Analysis Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-12-5) Organize data into tables, charts, and graphs.
(O-M-12-6) Read, interpret, and use tables, charts, and graphs to identify patterns, note trends, draw conclusions, and make predictions.
(O-M-12-7) Determine probabilities of events involving unbiased objects.

Ohio Twelfth Grade Algebra/Functions Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-12-8) Translate verbal statements into symbolic languge.
(O-M-12-9) Simplify algebraic expressions.
(O-M-12-10) Set up and solve linear equations.
(O-M-12-11) Solve quadratic equations.
(O-M-12-12) Solve systems of linear equations with two variables.
(O-M-12-13) Graph linear functions.
(O-M-12-14) Use the laws of exponents (including scientific notation).

Ohio Twelfth Grade Geometry Mathematics Learning Outcomes

(O-M-12-15) Apply the Pythagorean theorem.
(O-M-12-16) Use deductive reasoning.
(O-M-12-17) Describe and apply the properties of similar and congruent figures.
(O-M-12-18) Determine slope, midpoint, and distance.
(O-M-12-19) Demonstrate an understanding of angles and parallel and perpendicular lines.

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